All the aspects of clinical practice and research in ophthalmology and vision science are dealt with the help of clinical and experimental ophthalmology. It includes new clinical trials studies in ophthalmology, technical & surgical innovation, and current ophthalmic updates, analysis activities and continuing medical education in ophthalmology.
Your eye constantly makes aqueous humor. As new aqueous flows into your eye, the same amount of fluid should drain out. The fluid which drains out through an area is called as drainage angle. This process keeps pressure in the eye. But if the drainage angle is not working properly, fluid develops in the eye and pressure inside increases and damages the optic nerve. The optic nerve is made up of several million tiny nerve fibers. The optic nerve looks like an electric cable made up of many small wires. If these nerve fibers die, blind spots will develop in your vision. You will not observe the development of blind spots until most of your optic nerve fibers have died. If all the fibers have disappeared, then you will become blind.
Neuro-Ophthalmology is deals with neurology and ophthalmology. The sensory system ailment affects the pupillary reflexes, vision and eye developments are contemplated under the branch of neuro-ophthalmology. Visual Neuroscience focuses on Visual system of the human brain mainly the visual cortex of the brain. The aim is to understand the functioning of the visual neural network and how it influences visual perception and behaviour. It mainly focuses on how eyes and brain responds to light, how the perception of images happen in the brain and how the mind recreates the world like reality as it really is.
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Diplopia
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Visual myasthenia gravis
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Optic neuritis
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Optic neuropathy
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Papilledema
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Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
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Mind tumours
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Unexplained visual misfortune
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Cerebral pains
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Blepharospasm
A cataract is a clouding of the lens that leads to decrease in vision. It develops slowly and can affects one or both the eyes. Symptoms for cataract may include faded colors, blurry or double vision, halos around light, trouble with bright lights and trouble seeing at night. This may result in trouble driving, reading or recognising faces. Due to poor vision caused by cataracts it may also results in risk of falling and depression. Cataracts cause half of all cases of blindness and visual impairment worldwide.
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Posterior polar cataracts
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Congenital cataracts
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Nuclear cataract
Vision Science is the scientific study of vision and it is a relatively recent term which is use to describe all studies that are related to how humans and animals process information visually. This type of science also had numerous sub-types such as ophthalmology, neuroscience, computer vision, perception psychology and more.
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Development of Refractive Error
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Visuomotor Sensitivity
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Visual Acuity
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Refraction in Vision Research
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Contour Interaction in Foveal Vision
Vision rehabilitation is a method of improving vision and it is the process of restoring functional ability and developing the quality of life, for the one who has lost visual function through illness or injury. Visual rehabilitation services are focused on low vision, which is a visual impairment that cannot be corrected by regular eyeglasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery. Visual impairment is caused by some factors including brain damage, vision loss, and others.
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Neurological approach
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Physical approach
Pediatric ophthalmology is a sub-specialty of ophthalmology that deals with children's eye diseases. A pediatric ophthalmologist mainly works on visual system and on different eye disorders which decrease the vision in children. Various eye disorders in the children are being examined by the Pediatric ophthalmologists who are expertise in Ophthalmology. By using the glasses and medication Pediatric ophthalmologists manage the various eye disorders in children with utmost care.
There are no early side effects for many eye sicknesses. They might be effortless and you may see no adjustment in your vision until the infection has turned out to be very worst. The best way to secure your vision is through customary expert eye examinations. Obviously between testing in the event that you see an adjustment in your vision or you think your eye might be harmed.
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Age-Related Macular Degeneration
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Macula
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Swelling Eyes
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Waterfalls in Babies
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Visual impairment
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Keratoconus
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Eyelid Twitching
Refractive error means that the shape of the eye does not bend light correctly, resulting in a blurred image. Refractive disorders are commonly treated using corrective lenses such as eyeglasses or contact lenses surgery (such as LASIK) can also be used to correct some refractive disorders. A refractive error can be diagnosed by an eye care professional during a routine eye examination. Testing usually consists of asking the patient to read a vision chart while testing an assortment of lenses to maximize a patient’s vision. Special imaging or other testing is rarely necessary.
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Myopia
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Hyperopia
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Astigmatism
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Presbyopia
Orbital inflammation can affect any structures within the orbit. The inflammatory response can be nonspecific or granulomatous. The inflammation can involve as a part of an underlying medical disorder or can exist in isolation. This can be affected by any age-related persons. The process can occur again repeatedly or periodically. The eye socket and the eyelids work together to protect the eye and its muscles. Ophthalmoscopy is done as a part of an eye exam and routine physical exam. Various tumours may grow or spread to the eye socket and they must be removed in order to protect the vision.
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Graves Ophthalmology
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Orbital Cellulitis
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Rhabdomyosarcoma
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Lacrimal Sac Disorder
Fluorescein Angiography is a procedure for looking at the dissemination of the retina and choroid utilizing a fluorescent color and a particular camera. Sodium fluorescein is used into the fundamental course, the retina is lit up with blue light at a wavelength of 490 nanometers, and an angiogram is gotten by shooting the fluorescent green light that is transmitted by the color.
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Autofluorescence Imaging
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Normal Angiography
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Abnormal Fluorescein Angiography
Exercise reduces oxidative stress, and it is one of the significant factors in the development of eye disease. The risk of onset of cataracts, glaucoma, macular degeneration, Diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusion can be reduced through exercise and this came through recent researches. Some eye diseases are associated with poor cardiovascular health, in which exercise plays a major role. Some studies have examined whether there is a relationship between physical activity and age-related macular degeneration.
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Hatha yoga
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Massage therapies
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Aromatherapy
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Music therapy
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Acupuncture
Ocular oncology plays a vital role in the field of ophthalmology. As there is an active international collaboration between ocular oncologists it has become much important. Ocular oncology is a professional specialization service which includes general oncologists, paediatric oncologists, specialist nurses, clinical scientists and many others. The most common malignancies include uveal and conjunctivitis melanoma, uveal metastasis, intraocular and conjunctiva lymphoma and conjunctiva carcinoma. As well as the management of confirmed malignant tumours and ocular oncologists receive a large number of referrals of patients with suspected malignant tumours. Diagnosis is based on biomicroscopy, ultrasonography, angiography, optical coherence tomography, auto fluorescence imaging and biopsy. The most common benign tumours include naive, chordal haemangioma, Vasoproliferative tumours and retinal hemangioblastomas. Many of these medicines require treatment or long-term surveillance. Eyelid and orbital tumours are more likely to be managed within orbital specialist services.
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Uveitis
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Macular degeneration
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Heterochromia iridis
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Hyphema
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Aniridia
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Anisocoria
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Lagophthalmos
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Night blindness
Ocular Microbiology details advancements in molecular biology and pave way for better understanding of ocular diseases. The field of infectious diseases are rapid. Fungi, parasites, bacteria and virus will enter the human body and are capable enough to spread to attack the inside surface of an eye and spreading the infection. Many opportunistic pathogenic agents are increasingly found in ocular infections due to widespread use of topical and systemic immunosuppressive agent. These opportunistic pathogens cause ocular infections due to continuous use of contact lens. The dreadful cataract extraction and lens implantation often are mainly caused by these opportunistic pathogens.
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Biochemistry of Vision
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Ocular Fluids
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Genetic basis of Retinoblastoma
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Photochemistry of Vision
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Metabolism of Cornea
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Blepharitis
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Bacterial Conjunctivitis
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Viral Conjunctivitis
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Dendritic Keratitis
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Folliculitis
Every medical branch has its own applicable equipment used for the diagnosing of patients, Every ophthalmologist use their instruments for their daily work. Light, like radio, consists of electromagnetic waves. The major difference between the two is that light waves are much shorter than radio waves. The use of these electromagnetic waves for long-distance communications was the beginning of an industry and it came to known first as wireless and later as radio. Because of this industry the world has come to know about many fascinating technologies. A laser is a device that emits a concentrated beam of photons, which are the basic units of electromagnetic radiation
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Angle-supported intraocular lens
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Automated refraction system
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Autorefractor
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Exophthalmometer
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Focometer
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Frenzel goggles
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Optical Metrology
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Laser Technology
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Electromagnetic waves
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Optical fiber technology
Acupuncture is a process of involving the stimulation of specific points on the body using a different types of techniques. It develops vision for patients with ischemic optic neuropathy. This Acupuncture technique is scientifically involved in observing the skin with solid, thin, and metal needles which are used by the hands or by electrical stimulation. If pancreas has stopped emitting insulin then there will be an effect of Diabetic Retinopathy. Because of this there will be a decrease in the vision by influencing the retina of human eye. If the measure of sugar aggregation in the eye is more then the minor veins in the eye are hindered. The more the diabetic patients, the more will be the danger of creating Retinopathy.
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Mild non-proliferative retinopathy
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Moderate non-proliferative retinopathy
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Severe non-proliferative retinopathy
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Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)
Sclera: The white, opaque, fibrous, outer covering of the eyeball, capping its entire part except the piece covered ahead by the cornea. It is essentially avascular but contains opening for vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. It receives the tissue of positioning of the extraocular muscles and at the corneoscleral junction contains the channel of Schlemm.
Cornea: The crystalline anterior part of the fibrous coat of the eye consisting of five layers. It serves as the first deflecting channel of the eye. It is continuous with the SCLERA, avascular, and it receives its nutrition by interpenetration through gaps between the lamellae, and is stimulated by the ophthalmic division of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE and those of the surrounding conjunctiva and they together form plexuses.
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Stratified squamous CORNEAL EPITHELIUM
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BOWMAN MEMBRANE
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CORNEAL STROMA
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DESCEMET MEMBRANE
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Mesenchyme CORNEAL ENDOTHELIUM
Iris: The most anterior portion of the ocular layer, disconnecting the front chamber from the posterior. It consists of two films - the stroma and the pigmented epithelium. Color of the iris hangs on the amount of melanin in the stroma on reflection from the pigmented epithelium.
Ciliary Body: A ring of material expanding from the scleral spur to the ora serrata of the retina. It consists of the ocular portion and the epithelial part. The ciliary muscle is in the ocular portion and the ciliary processes are in the epithelial part.
Ophthalmic surgery is also known as ocular surgery used to treat a disease by an ophthalmologist. There are many types of ophthalmic surgery which includes corrective surgery. Corrective surgery is the surgery which is used to correct or treat a disorder. Phacoemulsification is a cataract surgery in which the internal lens in the eye is modified. Glaucoma surgery is performed to decrease the production of intraocular fluid. Orbital surgery is specially considered with the eyelids or orbit and the lacrimal system.
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Tear duct surgery
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Refractive surgery
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Vision Correction Surgery
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Retinal Replacement Surgery
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Retinal Detachment Surgery
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Cataract Surgery
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Plastic Surgery
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Glaucoma Surgery
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Orbital decompression surgery
Ayurvedic Medicine physicians recognize three major body types Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. These body types can be determined by heredity and is also known as "Prakriti". Physicians will observe and use a technique called pulse diagnoses to determine a patient’s body type, which is often a combination; such as Vata/Pitta. After determining body type, the physician will examine any imbalances and finds a solution to make it balance. This is often done through dietary changes.
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Triphala
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Ginkgo Biloba
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Fennel Seeds & Almonds
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Rose Water
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Palming
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Blinking
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Zooming
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Shifting
Current technologies are revolutionize the quality of life for those with low or impaired vision there are some upcoming technologies that will greatly impact the lives of people dealing with impaired vision.
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Telescopic Eye Implant
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The Bionic Eye
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Bionic Contact Lens
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LASIK
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Wavefront analysis
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Argon or Diode Laser
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Femtosecond laser Istent
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EX-PRESS shunt
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Selective laser Trabeculoplasty
The biggest achievement in the field of Eye disease treatment is Gene Therapy. Retina is the main target in Gene Therapy it is a perfect organ for therapeutic interventions. Retina is a small tissue, highly compartmentalized, immune-privileged and it can be easily accessible. As there is no remedy or cure for the permanent vision loss caused by the several retinal diseases, one of the novel therapeutic strategies aims at the development of stem cells based neuroprotective and regenerative medicine. Embryo, bone marrow, the region of neuronal genesis and the eye are the main sources of Stem Cells for the treatment of Retinal diseases.
