18^th World Conference on Optometry and Photo Refractive Keratectomy September 24-25, 2018 Dallas, Texas, USA

Optometry is a health care profession which involves examining the eyes and applicable visual systems for defects or abnormalities as well as the medical diagnosis and management of eye disease. Traditionally, the field of optometry began with the primary focus of correcting refractive error through the use of spectacles. Modern day optometry, however, has evolved through time so that the education curriculum additionally includes intensive medical training in the diagnosis and management of ocular disease in countries where the profession is established and regulated. Optometrists (also known as Doctors of Optometry in the US and Canada for those holding the O.D. degree or Ophthalmic Opticians in the UK are medical professionals who provide primary eye care through comprehensive eye examinations to detect and treat various visual abnormalities and eye diseases. Being a regulated profession, an optometrist's scope of practice may differ depending on the location. Thus, disorders or diseases detected outside the treatment scope of optometry are referred out to relevant medical professionals for proper care, more commonly to ophthalmologists who are physicians that specialize in tertiary medical and surgical care of the eye. Optometrists typically work closely together with other eye care professionals such as ophthalmologists and opticians to deliver quality and efficient eye care to the general public.

Vision Science is the scientific study of vision and it is a relatively recent term which is use to describe all studies that are related to how humans and animals process information visually. This type of science also had numerous sub-types such as ophthalmology, neuroscience, computer vision, perception psychology and more.

Glaucoma is a confused ailment in which harm to the optic nerve prompts dynamic, irreversible vision misfortune. Glaucoma is the second driving reason for visual impairment. Glaucoma is an illness of the eye in which liquid weight inside the eye rises - if left untreated the patient may lose vision, and even end up plainly visually impaired. The sickness for the most part influences the two eyes, albeit one may have more serious signs and indications than the other. There is a little space in the front of the eye called the "foremost chamber". A clear fluid stream all through the foremost chamber, this liquid sustains and washes adjacent tissues. In the event that a patient has glaucoma, the liquid does not deplete legitimately - it empties too gradually - from the eye. This prompts liquid develop, and weight inside the eye rises. Unless this weight is cut down and controlled, the optic nerve and different parts of the eye may end up plainly harmed, prompting loss of vision. There are two principle sorts of glaucoma, open edge and shut point (edge conclusion) glaucoma. The liquid in the eye courses through a range between the iris and cornea, where it escapes by means of the trabecular meshwork - "edge" alludes to this zone. The trabecular meshwork is made of sponky tissue lined by trabeculocytes. Liquid channels into s set of tubes, known as Schlemm's trench, from which they stream into the blood framework.

The purpose of the Retina in human eyes is to receive light that the lens has focused, convert the light into neural signals, and send these signals to the brain for visual detection. Retinal disorders such as  Macular degeneration ,Diabetic retinopathy ,Retinal vein occlusion, Retinal detachment and many more can treated through  Laser therapy, Cry therapy, Photodynamic therapy, Vasectomy, Scleral Buckle etc. . With modern therapy, over 90 percent of those with a retinal detachment can be successfully treated, although sometimes a second treatment is needed.

Many eye ailments have no early side effects. They might be easy, and you may see no adjustment in your vision until the malady has turned out to be very best in class. The absolute most ideal approach to secure your vision is through standard expert eye examinations. Obviously, between examinations, in the event that you see an adjustment in your vision – or you think your eye might be harmed in any capacity – contact your eye mind proficient quickly and eye infections have no early symptoms. They may be easy, and you may see no alteration in your vision until the contamination has ended up being absolute best in class. Without a doubt the best way to deal with secure your vision is through standard master eye examinations. Clearly, between examinations, if you see an alteration in your vision – or you think your eye may be hurt in any way – contact your eye mind capable instantly.

Photo Refractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser-assisted sub-epithelial keratectomy (or laser epithelial keratomileusis, LASEK) are laser eye surgery procedures intended to correct a person's vision, reducing dependency on glasses or contact lenses. LASEK and PRK permanently change the shape of the anterior central cornea using an excimer laser to ablate (remove by vaporization) a small amount of tissue from the corneal stroma at the front of the eye, just under the corneal epithelium. The outer layer of the cornea is removed prior to the ablation.     

Glasses and contacts lenses have become a nuisance as the success of LASIK surgery. LASIK surgery is quite popular among the all surgery. It alters the outer layer of the eye, specifically the cornea. Among the refractive surgery different types surgery are there, Interlace LASIK, PRK, Implantable Contact Lenses, Caruso Cachet Lens, Refractive Lens Exchange, and Astigmatic Keratotomy. The benefits realized by patients usually involve lifestyle changes, free from glasses. The risk factors can be major to minor. An ophthalmologist should examine the patients before the surgery, if he/she is ideal candidate for surgery or not.

Also termed as ‘keratoconjunctivitis sicca’.The Dry Eye Sydrome mainly caused due to deficiency of aqueous humor . Actually it’s a multifarious disease of the tear film and ocular surface that results in symptoms of visual discomfort, and tears film instability with potential damage to the ocular surface. Artificial Tear Solutions which containing mainly  hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose(HPMC), carboxyl methylcellulose(CMC), polyvinyl alcohol, Carbopol, Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone(PVP), polyethylene glycol(PEG), dextran, hyaluronic acid, are used in this cases.

Waterfalls are an exceptionally normal eye condition. As you get more established the focal point inside your eye bit by bit changes and turns out to be less straightforward (clear). A focal point that has turned dim, or shady, is said to have a waterfall. After some time a waterfall can deteriorate, progressively making your vision mistier. A direct operation can as a rule expel your cloudy focal point and supplant it with a counterfeit focal point to empower you to see all the more unmistakably once more. This guide is about waterfalls in grown-ups. A few youngsters create waterfalls, called inherent waterfalls, before or soon after birth however these are generally managed contrastingly to waterfalls in grown-ups.

Colour blindness is not a type of blindness by any means, but rather an inadequacy in the way you see shading. With this vision issue, you experience issues recognizing certain hues, for example, blue and yellow or red and green. Visual impairment (or, all the more precisely, shading vision lack) is an acquired condition that influences guys more habitually than females. As indicated by Prevent Blindness America, an expected 8 percent of guys and under 1 percent of females have shading vision issues. Red-green shading lack is the most well-known type of visual impairment. Considerably more once in a while, a man may acquire a quality that decreases the capacity to see blue and yellow shades. This blue-yellow shading inadequacy as a rule influences men and ladies similarly.

Night blindness is additionally called "nyctalopia". It's a kind of vision impairment. Individuals with night blindness encounter poor vision at night or in faintly lit situations. Despite the fact that the expression "night blindness" suggests that you can't see at night, this isn't the situation. You may simply have more trouble seeing or driving in dimness. A few sorts of night blindness are treatable, and different sorts aren't. See your specialist to decide the basic reason for your vision impairment. When you know the reason for the issue

Inventions in ophthalmology have expanded greatly in recent times, and the next major advancement in ophthalmology will be the integration of robotic surgery. Robotic systems have been applied in the ophthalmic surgical environment for more than several years. Since then, robotic surgical systems have proliferated in several manners in other surgeries. Cataract Surgery is the most common surgery procedure present in the ophthalmology field. Most modern cataract surgery is performed using a variation of the extracapsular technique, which involves removal of the crystalline lens through an opening made in the anterior lens capsule (known as a capsulectomy).

Refractive error means that the shape of the eye does not bend light correctly, resulting in a blurred image. The main types of refractive errors are myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), presbyopia (loss of near vision with age) and astigmatism. Refractive disorders are commonly treated using corrective lenses such as eyeglasses or contact lenses. Refractive surgery (such as LASIK) can also be used to correct some refractive disorders.  Presbyopia, in the absence of any other refractive error, can sometimes be treated with over-the-counter reading glasses. There is no way to slow down or reverse presbyopia. A refractive error can be diagnosed by an eye care professional during a routine eye examination.Testing usually consists of asking the patient to read a vision chart while testing an assortment of lenses to maximize a patient’s vision. Special imaging or other testing is rarely necessary.

Current technologies are revolutionize the quality of life for those with low or impaired vision there are some upcoming technologies that will greatly impact the lives of people dealing with impaired vision. (a)Telescopic Eye Implant (b)The Bionic Eye (c)Bionic Contact Lens (d)LASIK  (e )Wavefront  analysis (f)Argon or Diode laser (g)Femtosecond laser iStent (h)Ex-PRESS shunt (i)Selective laser  trabeculoplasty

Contact lenses are considered as an advanced medical devices, worn to correct vision or for cosmetic or therapeutic reasons, compared with spectacles, contact lenses enable more ease of wear during sports and leisure activities by providing a wider field of view, less chance of dislodgement, less susceptibility to fogging, slipping off the face due to sweating, and dirt. Contact lenses also allow sunglasses and protective eyewear to be worn on top without any hassle. Contact lenses typically provide better peripheral vision, and do not collect moisture. Eventually, Glaucoma patients could potentially insert drug-dispensing contact lenses rather than taking the eye drops repeatedly.

Gene Therapy in the field of Eye disease treatment is a biggest achievement. In gene therapy, the target is the retina, being a particularly perfect organ for therapeutic interventions. Also as a small tissue, highly compartmentalized, immune-privileged and easily accessible.

As there is no cure for the permanent vision loss caused by the several Retinal diseases. One of the novel therapeutic strategies aims at the development of stem cells based neuroprotective and regenerative medicine. Embryo, bone marrow, the region of neuronal genesis and the eye are the main sources of Stem Cells for the treatment of Retinal diseases.

Diseases of the eye are very common.  Common eye diseases that include cataracts, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. These eye diseases have the potential to seriously impair someone’s vision and/or interfere with the activities of daily living, and patients who have cataracts, diabetic retinopathy or glaucoma may need help in ambulating, dressing, eating and with other personal care activities. Typical allergens affecting the eyes include pollen and mold spores, animal dander and dust mites.

Ocular oncology is the branch of ophthalmology that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of tumors on the surface of the eye and inside of the eye which is also known as ocular tumors. The Ocular Oncology provides advanced care and treatments for children and adults who have been referred for management of ocular tumors in and around the eye.

Ocular Oncology is a study area involving retinoblastoma which is one of the commonest eye tumors. The various treatment modalities coming under ocular oncology are chemotherapy, laser photocoagulation, brachytherapy, Tran’s pupillary thermo therapy etc. Ocular oncology is one of the main branches of ophthalmic research and it includes various methods of eye cancer management.

Lacrimal Surgery is a sub-specialty of ophthalmology which mainly focuses on diseases of the eyelids and abnormalities of tear-drainage system. Tears are essential to lubricate and protect the health of the eye. DCR and Endo-DCR (tear duct bypass surgery) is a surgery performed to repair a blocked or obstructed tear duct. The tear duct is a passageway from the eye to the nose that facilitates the drainage of tears.

It is actually done for open angle Glaucoma patients. Under canaloplasty, a micro catheter or tube placed in the Canal of Schlemm to enlarge the drainage canal, which relieves the excess pressure inside the eye caused by Glaucoma. It is very much useful especially for those patients having high risk for infection or bleeding. Canaloplasty can eliminate the need for eye drops among glaucoma patients. Canaloplasty has an impressive safety profile with minimal ppst operative follow up and faster recovery.

Each year, more than 1 million people sustain traumatic brain injuries. Following a brain injury, there is often an interruption in communication between the eyes and the brain. Neuro-optometry is a specialty field of vision care that combines neurology and optometry to assess how the brain processes information sent from the eyes. When communication between your brain and eyes is disrupted due to injury or disease, vision problems usually occur. A patient who may have experienced brain injury, stroke, balance and mobility issues, loss of one eye, double vision, light sensitivity, post trauma vision syndrome, or visual midline shift syndrome should be referred to a neuro-optometrist for further evaluation. Following an injury or insult to the brain, there is often an interruption to the neurological system which innervate the extraocular muscles controlling eye movements as well as the system that regulates focusing (clear versus blurry vision). Neuro-optometrists have long recognized symptoms and visual problems associated with trauma that affect the functional visual system and have identified a syndrome, Post Trauma Vision Syndrome (PTVS).

Pediatric ophthalmologists concentrate on the advancement of the visual framework and the different illnesses that disturb visual improvement in youngsters. Pediatric ophthalmologists likewise have ability in dealing with the different visual infections that influence kids. Pediatric ophthalmologists are met all requirements to perform complex eye surgery and additionally to deal with kids' eye issues utilizing glasses and meds. Numerous ophthalmologists and different doctors allude pediatric patients to a pediatric ophthalmologist for examination and administration of visual issues because of youngsters' novel needs. Notwithstanding youngsters with clear vision issues, kids with head turns, head tilts, squinting of the eyes or favored head stances (torticollis) are ordinarily alluded to a pediatric ophthalmologist for assessment. Pediatric ophthalmologists ordinarily likewise oversee grown-ups with eye development issue for example nystagmus or strabismus because of their commonality with strabismus conditions.